Year

Name

Topics

1901

Emil Adolf von Behring

his serum therapy to treat diphtheria

1902

Ronald Ross

research on malaria

1903

Niels Ryberg Finsen

his light treatment of lupus vulgaris

1904

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

work on the physiology of the digestive system

1905

Robert Koch

discovering the cause of tuberculosis

1906

Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal

research on the nervous system

1907

Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran

research into protozoa causing disease

1908

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich

study of the immune system

1909

Emil Theodor Kocher

work on the thyroid gland

1910

Albrecht Kossel

research in cell biology, especially proteins and nucleic acids

1911

Allvar Gullstrand

research on the image formation by the lens of the eye

1912

Alexis Carrel

work on suture of blood vessels and transplantation

1913

Charles Robert Richet

the discovery of anaphylaxis

1914

Robert Bárány

research on the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear

1919

Jules Bordet

discovery of the complement in the immune system

1920

Schack August Steenberg Krogh

showing that the gas exchange in the lungs is ordinary diffusion

1922

Archibald Vivian Hill, Otto Fritz Meyerhof

research on muscles, especially their generation of heat and the relationship between oxygen consumption and lactic acid metabolism

1923

Frederick Grant Banting, John James Richard Macleod

the discovery of insulin

1924

Willem Einthoven

the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram

1926

Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger

elucidating Spiroptera carcinoma and artificially inducing cancer in an animal.

1927

Julius Wagner-Jauregg

healing general paralysis by infection with malaria

1928

Charles Jules Henri Nicolle

work on typhus

1929

Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins

discovery of various vitamins

1930

Karl Landsteiner

discovery of human blood types

1931

Otto Heinrich Warburg

research on cytochromes in cellular respiration

1932

Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian

work on the function of neurons, including the fact that stronger stimuli result in a higher frequency of nerve impulses

1933

Thomas Hunt Morgan

discovering the role of chromosomes in heredity

1934

George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy

discovering liver therapy for anemia

1935

Hans Spemann

the discovery of organizing centers in the early development of organisms

1936

Sir Henry Hallett Dale, Otto Loewi

work on transmission of nerve impulses via neurotransmitters

1937

Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt

the description of vitamin C and the discovery that oxygen combines with hydrogen in cellular respiration

1938

Corneille Jean François Heymans

showing how blood pressure and oxygen content of the blood are measured by the body and transmitted to the brain

1939

Gerhard Domagk

the discovery of the sulphonamide Prontosil, the first drug effective against bacterial infections

1943

Carl Peter Henrik Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy

the discovery of vitamin K and its chemical structure

1944

Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser

the discovery of different types of nerve fibers

1945

Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Howard Walter Florey

the discovery of penicillin and its properties in the cure of infectious diseases

1946

Hermann Joseph Muller

the discovery that mutations can be induced by x-rays

1947

Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Theresa Cori

the discovery on how glycogen is converted to glucose in the body, and for the effects of hypophysis hormones on sugar metabolism

Bernardo Alberto Houssay

his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar

1948

Paul Hermann Müller

the discovery of the insecticide DDT

1949

Walter Rudolf Hess, Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz

Hess for mapping the various functions of the midbrain; Moniz for discovering the therapeutic effect of lobotomy

1950

Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip Showalter Hench

the discovery of the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and function

1951

Max Theiler

developing a vaccine for yellow fever

1952

Selman Abraham Waksman

his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis

1953

Hans Adolf Krebs

the discovery of the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration

Fritz Albert Lipmann

discovery and research on coenzyme A

1954

John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins

showing how to cultivate poliomyelitis viruses in the test tube

1955

Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell

research on enzymes and their actions, especially oxydizing enzymes

1956

André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards

showing how to insert a catheter into the heart and studying various heart diseases

1957

Daniel Bovet

discovering synthetic drugs such as antihistamines that block the action of biological amines

1958

George Wells Beadle, Edward Lawrie Tatum, Joshua Lederberg

showing that genes control individual steps in metabolism

1959

Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg

the synthesis of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA

1960

Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Brian Medawar

the discovery that the immune system of the fetus learns how to distinguish between self and non-self

1961

Georg von Békésy

elucidating the cochlea of the ear

1962

Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson, Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins

their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material[1]

1963

Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley

describing the electric transmission of impulses along nerves

1964

Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen

research on cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism

1965

François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod

discovering messenger RNA, ribosomes, and the genes controlling the expression of other genes

1966

Peyton Rous

the discovery of viruses that induce tumours

Charles B. Huggins

the discovery of the treatment of prostate cancer with hormones

1967

Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald

describing the different types of light-sensitive cells in the eye and how light interacts with them

1968

Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg

describing the genetic code and how it operates in protein synthesis

1969

Max Delbrück, Alfred Hershey, Salvador E. Luria

work on the replication mechanism and genetics of viruses

1970

Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod

work on neurotransmitters

1971

Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.

discovery of the action of hormones, especially epinephrine, via second messengers

1972

Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter

discovering the chemical structure of antibodies

1973

Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen

the study of social animal behavior, especially the explanation of the dance language of bees and how young birds become fixated on their mother

1974

Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade

describing the structure and function of organelles in biological cells

1975

David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin

describing how tumor viruses act on the genetic material of the cell

1976

Baruch S. Blumberg

the discovery of hepatitis B virus

D. Carleton Gajdusek

describing the disease kuru caused by cannibalism

1977

Roger Guillemin, Andrew Wiktor Schally

work on peptide hormones produced in the brain

Rosalyn Yalow

creating the Yalow-Berson method to measure minute amounts of peptide hormones using antibodies

1978

Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith

the discovery of restriction enzymes which are instrumental in molecular biology

1979

Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield

developing computer assisted tomography

1980

Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell

discovery of the Major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell surface molecules important for the immune system's distinction between self and non-self

1981

Roger W. Sperry

research on the cerebral hemispheres

David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel

work on the processing of visual information in the brain

1982

Sune Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane

the discovery of prostaglandins

1983

Barbara McClintock

discovery of mobile genetic elements or transposons in maize

1984

Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein

work on the immune system and the production of monoclonal antibodies

1985

Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein

describing the regulation of cholesterol metabolism

1986

Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini

discovering growth factors

1987

Susumu Tonegawa

discovering how the large diversity of antibodies is produced genetically

1988

Sir James W. Black,Gertrude B. Elion,George H. Hitchings

their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment

1989

J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus

discovering the cellular origins of retroviral oncogenes

1990

Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas

work on organ and cell transplantation

1991

Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann

developing techniques which show that ion channels exist in the cell membrane and which allow to study their properties

1992

Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs

discovering how phosphorylation of proteins is used to regulate biological processes

1993

Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp

the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence

1994

Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell

the discovery of G proteins and their role in signal transduction in cells

1995

Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus

the discovery of the genes involved in the developmental program of the fruit fly, the homeobox genes

1996

Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel

describing how MHC molecules are used by white blood cells to detect and kill virus-infected cells.

1997

Stanley B. Prusiner

the discovery of prions, infectious protein particles

1998

Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad

discovery of the signalling properties of nitric oxide

1999

Günter Blobel

the discovery that newly synthesized proteins contain address tags which direct them to the proper location within the cell

2000

Arvid Carlsson

proving that dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain whose depletion leads to symptoms of Parkinson's disease

Paul Greengard

showing how neurotransmitters act on the cell and can activate a central molecule known as DARPP-32

Eric R. Kandel

describing how short-term and long-term memory is formed on the molecular level

2001

Leland H. Hartwell, R. Timothy Hunt, Sir Paul M. Nurse

the discovery of cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase, central molecules in the regulation of the cell cycle

2002

Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston

establishing the precise order in which cells in the worm C. elegans divide and die, and for elucidating the process of programmed cell death or apoptosis

2003

Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield

for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging

2004

Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel

for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

2005

Barry J. Marshall and Robin Warren

for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease

2006

Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello

for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA